Category Archives: Parkinson’s

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So.. what’s new?

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A couple of recently published reviews (for folks that want to stay on top of things) :

What do we know about PD and what can we do about it?   This one is more of a commentary piece, that is to say, it isn’t an experiment or a structured desk review of other papers. It covers PD in (almost) layman’s terms, the causes (genetic, environmental, and perhaps lifestyle choices – nicotine and caffeine seem to have a neuroprotective effect), and the signs and symptoms:

… symptoms appear in other diseases as well so that not everyone with one or more of these symptoms has
the disease. In some people, the disease evolves more quickly than in others and it is not possible to predict what course the disease will take.

According to the author, the younger the age at onset, the more likely it is to be genetically related. Later onset symptoms appear more gradually. ( my note: I had many of the prodromal symptoms beginning around age 16, including REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, depression (probably due to environmental (e.g., workplace management) factors), essential tremors,  and have the LINGO1 gene variant that has been linked to both essential tremors and Parkinson’s. A recent Michael J. Fox Foundation – 23AndMe study found another couple of dozen or more gene variants associated with a higher risk for Parkinson’s. Clearly, there is a need for earlier detection and mitigation of Parkinson’s and parkinsonism conditions).

PD dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies differ in when dementia occurs, among other things. In PD, dementia occurs after PD diagnosis, in the latter, dementia occurs before PD symptoms become apparent. 

The author continues to provide an overview. But for me the sentence that stuck out glaringly was “Scientists still do not know what causes cells that produce dopamine to die.” (I need to finish reading this one… Will have to put it on my to-do list). 

Parkinson’s patients’ needs during the pandemic   This was a survey study done in Northern Italy with PD patients. Findings included:

(i) fearing the risk of contracting coronavirus,

(ii) the reduction of physical activity,

(iii) perception of the risk of not being able to access outpatient clinics or support services, and

(iv) the suffering from the important reduction in socialization.

The authors also noted that the perception could be greater than the actual difference, especially for item iii.

Enhanced differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward the midbrain dopaminergic neuron lineage through GLYPICAN-4 downregulation    I just tossed this link in for kicks – it is way outside of my area of expertise, but might be of interest to someone who knows something about the workings of the brain.

A scoping review of the nature of physiotherapists’ role to avoid fall in people with Parkinsonism – Now, here’s something I have a little more experience with – having fallen 3 times in October 2020 while stepping backward off of boulders, or trying to step up onto a boulder, either in my yard or in a park/preserve. Fortunately, I was referred to an excellent Physical Therapist who zeroed in on the greatest source of pain and then has moved toward improving strength, balance and posture. She noted my habit of leaning back when stepping high, and suggested that this might have caused the last, and most painful fall. 

As for the review, it noted that PT can have a positive effect on many issues related to falls in Parkinsonism. But the many studies were so varied, that many more studies would have to be done to specify which therapy works best for which problem at what stage of the disease. (surprise, surprise).

And now, to sleep, perchance to dream (Shakespeare) and hopefully, not to be tossin’ and turnin’ all night (Phillip Upchurch).

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Exercise, Maimonides, Parkinson's, Research, Reviews , , , Leave a comment

Discrete choice experiment

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Published in the Australian Journal of Physiotherapy as an open access article, we have an experiment in which several factors were used to determine participants’ preferences in a hypothetical exercise program.

People with Parkinson’s disease are more willing to do additional exercise if the exercise program has specific attributes

Conclusions were:

People with Parkinson’s disease were more willing to participate in exercise programs that cost less, involve less travel, provide physical or psychological benefits and are supervised by qualified professionals. To enable more people with Parkinson’s disease to exercise, health services should provide programs addressing these factors and account for sex differences. [emphasis added. Men were more likely to favor strength training, women were averse to aerobic exercise, and folks already exercising 300 minutes per week were less likely to favor adding more exercises.]

The group to which I subscribe on their YouTube channel, and support in various ways, is Power For Parkinson’s® (PFP). I also am a member of the Georgetown Area Parkinson’s Support group (GAPS) and the Capital Area Parkinson’s Society (CAPS) Both PFP and GAPS sponsor several exercise groups aimed directly at people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and their needs, so I am usually working out at least one hour daily. So I might fall into the last group of folks not willing to add more exercises.

On a different tangent, A couple of articles showed up that deal with the idea of Multiple Intelligences. Actually, one is a book excerpt with selected portions available on Google Books, and the other is the cover, Table of Contents, Bibliography, and Index of a different book. Granted, the Index does list Parkinson’s Disease on at least 2 pages. Why bother? Because, as those who have read the earlier blog post(s) on Moses Maimonides and Me, I don’t particularly subscribe to Maimonides’ categories of four ways in which humans strive to achieve perfection.

These books are:

Eastern European Perspectives on Emotional Intelligence

in which some of the available pages include charts of Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, and some of the results which seem to show a clustering of several factors (using factor analysis). Since that is outside of my area of expertise, I won’t comment on it. (This is all copyrighted material, provided only for personal education, etc.

The other is Mind Ecologies: Body, Brain and World which has the extensive bibliography and index. Probably well worth looking into the bibliography, if one has a mind to do so (but not today). The TOC reads:

1. Life, Experimentalism, and Valuation 16
2. Pragmatism and Embodied Cognitive Science 51
3. Social Cohesion, Experience, and Aesthetics 94
4. Pragmatism and Affective Cognition 124
5. Perception, Affect, World 156
6. Broadening Ecologies 184 

and the whole thing is copyright The Columbia University Press.

My pulmonologist prescribed a nap in the morning and afternoon, and since I missed the morning nap, will head off to do one this afternoon.

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Research on the arts and outcomes related to Parkinson’s – and more related research and hypotheses

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For our first article, we have a review on group based dance, singing, music, and theatrical treatments on a variety show of outcomes. 

A systematic review of active group-based dance, singing, music therapy and theatrical interventions for quality of life, functional communication, speech, motor function and cognitive status in people with Parkinson’s disease

Basically, they found that the arts seemed to have positive effects for folks with PD – but that not all types of arts were evaluated against all of the outcomes listed. So “More research is needed” to look into all aspects. But it’s a good thing.

Next up is a review of the effects of oxytocin and the effects of music on the human brain. And on social behavior and bonding. While not specifically directed at Parkinson’s disease, it is certainly applicable to treatments for people with Parkinson’s.

Links Between the Neurobiology of Oxytocin and Human Musicality

 It is argued that many of these characteristics of oxytocin biology closely mirror the diverse effects that music has on human cognition and emotion, providing a link to the important role music has played throughout human evolutionary history and helping to explain why music remains a special prosocial human asset. Finally, it is suggested that there is a potential synergy in combining oxytocin- and music-based strategies to improve general health and aid in the treatment of various neurological dysfunctions.

Keywords: oxytocin, music, dance, reward, empathy, trust, therapy

If there is a link between neurobiology and music, then it stands to reason that music played a part in the evolution of modern Homo sapiens. That is the topic of the brief review of:

Music and the Meeting of Human Minds by Alan Harvey

The author addresses

  1. when and why  modern humans evolved musical behaviors,
  2. the evolutionary relationship between music and language, and 
  3. why humans, perhaps unique among all living species, universally
    continue to possess two complementary but distinct communication streams.

He argues that “early in our history, the unique socializing and harmonizing power of music acted as an essential counterweight to the new and evolving sense of self, to an emerging sense of individuality and mortality that was linked to the development of an advanced cognitive capacity and articulate language capability.”

Dopamine is one of the keywords, so it should be of interest to People with Parkinson’s.

Another article along similar lines is Music as a coevolved system for social bonding,  The authors put forth an hypothesis and

make testable predictions for future research, including neurobiological bases of musicality and relationships between human music, language, animal song, and other domains. The music and social bonding (MSB) hypothesis provides the most comprehensive theory to date of the biological and cultural evolution of music.

More materials on this area of interest:

Four principles of bio-musicology (2015)

Without it no music: cognition, biology and evolution of musicality (2015)

Motor constraints influence cultural evolution of rhythm 

Music and Language in Social Interaction: Synchrony, Antiphony, and Functional Origins

How to sum it all up?  In the words of James Brown: 

I Feel Good

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Parkinson's, Research, Sleep , , , Leave a comment

Sleep, drowsiness, DBS and PD

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Here are a few links to articles that look at the effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) on sleep, and daytime drowsiness, which could be a side effect from poor sleep. Or it could be something else.

Long term effects of DTN DBS on sleep

10 year study on daytime drowsiness and PD

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder is one of the more highly correlated conditions that end up with Parkinson’s.I remember having to spend the night on the floor of a motel when traveling with the college marching band. I was dreaming about a girl, and reached out to put my arm around her,  waking the guy who was sharing the queen bed with me.  It’s funny, now. I’ve had worse dreams. Still act out some of them.  Which as a lead-in to:

The largest clinical investigation to date of Prodromal Parkinsonism and Neurodegenerative Risk Stratification in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Abstract from a chapter in a book on sleep disorders:

 Significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of sleep and wake disruption in alphasynucleinopathies during the past few decades. Despite these advancements, treatment options are limited and frequently associated with problematic side effects. Further studies that center on the development of novel treatment approaches are very much needed. In this article, the author discusses the current state of the management of disturbed sleep and alertness in PD and MSA. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (emphasis added)

accessed at this link:

Management of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy

As someone once wrote: To sleep, perchance to dream…

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Self management and care partnerships

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I don’t know about y’all, but without my care partner I would have been dead a long time ago. As it is, I am able to let her go off for a couple of weeks to help take care of her elderly old father and still manage to handle all the Activities of Daily Living (AD). This thesis looked into care partnerships and clinicians, and what could be done to improve outcomes. Four insights emerged:

Self-Management as a means to Achieving Client-Centred Care for the Care Partnership Living withParkinson’s disease

This research program has given rise to four main insights, grounded in the perspectives of both care partnerships and the clinicians who provide their care.

First, is the importance of incorporating the care partner into clinical care discussions, both about how to support the person diagnosed with PD, and for their own health.

Second, is to consider self management education as a means of achieving client-centered care by supporting the care partnership to effect the cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses required to manage the many dimensions of PD.

Third, is the importance of supporting the care partnership to assemble a healthcare team of relevant professionals and connecting them with appropriate community resources.

Finally, identifying and managing expectations through empathetic,
effective communication is paramount to the care partnership’s satisfaction with their clinical care.

Understanding how care partnerships learned to care for themselves while living with PD carries important implications for clinical practice in various disciplines. Healthcare professionals may reflexively contemplate these insights and consider how they may be applied in their clinical settings.

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Where it’s at (at this moment )

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As a person who was diagnosed in late 2011 with Parkinson’s disease after several years of treatment for Essential Tremors that had gotten uncontrollable, I had Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) shortly thereafter (I had already decided to go for DBS to control the tremors, and in the additional testing, rigidity was observed, allowing the diagnosis).

Since then, thanks to a supportive care partner, a supportive community that provides exercise and dance classes, and now vocal exercises (singing) which I had initiated in 2015 along with a friend, now deceased, I am able to function fairly well. I consider my self ” the luckiest guy” to paraphrase Lou Gehrig.

So instead of my usual posting of an article or a few on a specific topic, I thought I would post this YouTube video documenting my current situation (albeit somewhat exaggerated for dramatic effect) as far as Parkinson’s Disease goes:

I Blame The Parkinson’s

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The link between environmental chemicals and Parkinson’s

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Jane Brody of the New York Times wrote a recent review of a new book, co-written by several experts in the field of neurology. These include Dr. Ray Dorsey, neurologist at the University of Rochester; Todd Sherer, neuroscientist with the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research; Dr. Michael S. Okun, neurologist at my other hometown at the University of Florida; and Dr. Bastiaan R. Bloem, neurologist at Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center in the Netherlands.

The book titled “Ending Parkinson’s Disease” calls the occurrence of PD a “man-made pandemic” with references to to many studies that show the high correlation of PD to the exposure to toxic chemicals on farms and in the workplace, as well as animal studies in which PD symptoms were replicated.

Here’s one YouTube video about the book:

Brief overview of the book of Ending Parkinson’s Disease

And here’s a forty minute Zoom presentation by Dr. Michael Okun at the University of Florida on the book’s topics. (unfortunately, there are distracting sounds from participants/attendees who didn’t mute their microphones):

Ending Parkinson’s Disease with Dr. Michael Okun

My next action will be to order the book.

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A review on dance and PD

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Dance classes for Parkinson’s patients was one of the things that got me involved in Power for Parkinson’s© and the Georgetown Area Parkinson’s Support group to begin with. For me, it has helped to improve symptoms and quality of life tremendously.

In this desk review of many studies, the authors came to the following conclusions:

Overall, the reviewed evidence demonstrated that dance can improve motor impairments, specifically balance and motor symptom severity in individuals with mild to moderate PD, and that more research is needed to determine its effects on non-motor symptoms and QOL. RCTs that use a mixed-methods approach and include larger sample sizes will be beneficial in fully characterizing effects and in determining which program elements are most important in bringing about positive, clinically meaningful changes in people with PD.

 Carapellotti AM, Stevenson R, Doumas M (2020) The efficacy of dance for improving motor impairments, non-motor symptoms, and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15(8): e0236820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236820

I have come to the conclusion that every study or review has to include the phrase “more research is needed.” And it is true.

You can read the article in its entirety at the URL in the citation, or download it directly from this link:

The efficacy of dance for improving motor impairments, non-motor symptoms, and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

 

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That famous essay

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James Parkinson wrote an essay on “The Shaking Palsy” just over 200 years ago. Although science doesn’t stand still, and folks like Louis Pasteur, Alexander Fleming, and Jonas Salk came along to make important contributions in medical science, the field of Movement Disorders has, until recently, relied almost exclusively on the traits described by Parkinson in his essay to diagnose the disease. French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot made some advances in making distinctions between some of the symptoms and championed naming the disease after Dr.Parkinson.

Curious about the essay itself? it’s available online as a full access article in The Journal of Neuropsychiatry (downloadable as a PDF file.

An essay on the Shaking Palsy 

An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, by James Parkinson, was originally published as a monograph by Sherwood, Neely, and Jones (London, 1817). Punctuation and spelling follow the original text. Introduction Copyright © 2002 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

 

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Lifestyle effects on PD

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In a nutshell: Exercise helps to keep your mitochondria working, and that helps to slow down the loss of your dopaminergic neurons. Here we have an application of the old rat race to a rat model of PD – in which treadmill exercise helped to keep mitochondria functioning properly, while sedentary rats lost dopaminergic cells.

Physical exercise protects against mitochondria alterations in the 6-hidroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson’s disease

These “results suggest a neuroprotective and progressive effect of intermittent treadmill exercise, which could be related to its benefits on mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and respiratory chain modulation of the dopaminergic system in PD.”

But other studies and reviews have shown other factors that affect the progression of PD, so don’t put all of your metaphorical eggs in one basket – a review that covers some of those various factors:

Narrative Review of Lifestyle Factors Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Risk and Progression

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