Basic human rights

I don’t have access to the content of this book, but I was struck by the abstract to this chapter:

The right to an education is an important human right and is regulated in considerable detail in Articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as well as in Articles 28 and 29 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. With the sole exception of the United States, all United Nations member States have accepted the right to education as a legally binding human right that needs to be implemented in their domestic systems. (emphasis added)

What’s wrong with education in the United States? The U.S.A. hasn’t accepted it as a legally binding human right. No wonder that (well, I won’t go there today).

Chapter: Music Education
Child Development and Human Rights
By Steven J. Holochwost, Elizabeth Stuk

The book citation is:
Fifer, J., Impey, A., Kirchschlaeger, P.G., Nowak, M., & Ulrich, G. (Eds.). (2022). The Routledge Companion to Music and Human Rights (1st ed.). Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003043478
eBook ISBN 9781003043478

Book Description
The Routledge Companion to Music and Human Rights is a collection of case studies spanning a wide range of concerns about music and human rights in response to intensifying challenges to the well-being of individuals, peoples, and the planet. It brings forward the expertise of academic researchers, lawyers, human rights practitioners, and performing musicians who offer critical reflection on how their work might identify, inform, or advance mutual interests in their respective fields. The book is comprised of 28 chapters, interspersed with 23 ‘voices’ – portraits that focus on individuals’ intimate experiences with music in the defence or advancement of human rights – and explores the following four themes: 1) Fundamentals on music and human rights; 2) Music in pursuit of human rights; 3) Music as a means of violating human rights; 4) Human rights and music: intrinsic resonances.

The book is scheduled for publishing on May 31, 2022. $250 for print, under $50.00 USD for ebook format.

I really gotta look into becoming a student or getting associated with an organization or library that would allow me to access research articles, journals, ans books. It’s the one thing I miss most about IBM: access to technical journals through the library. That, and the IBM Club band, aka the Blue Diamonds Jazz Orchestra (BDJO). 

While not exactly fitting in with music, but maybe under basic human rights (free speech, anyone?), here is an open access article reporting on the results of the Parkinson’s Voice initiative:

Conclusion first:

Sustained vowels may provide an objective, robust and streamlined approach towards informing PwP subtype assignment. The current study’s findings corroborate part of the PD research literature indicating the presence of four PD subtypes having been thoroughly validated on a large PwP cohort and externally validated on two additional PwP cohorts. There are important practical implications of defining PD subtypes using data that is easy to self-collect remotely such as speech signals and in particular sustained vowel /a/ phonations: they enable large-scale investigations and may bring us a step closer towards more personalized medicine approaches and targeted clinical management. The key limitation of the study is that we do not have additional clinical labels (e.g. UPDRS) or other self-reported outcome measures to map the resulting PD subtypes onto something that would be more tangible and comparable to related PD subtype studies. Future work could explore the extent subtypes form useful markers of symptom severity progression and conversely how PD progression might affect subtype membership for individual PwP. Similarly, further work could integrate additional modalities to speech to incorporate longitudinal passively collected modalities and self-reports which could be capturing PD-related symptoms, e.g. via using smartphones and wearables along the lines we have explored for mental disorders [64], [67]–[70]. Collecting additional modalities at scale using increasingly affordable technologies may provide new insights towards understanding PD subtypes which may translate into understanding individual PwP similarities, related PwP symptom trajectories, and ultimately lead to better symptom management strategies.

and from the abstract:

Purpose
People diagnosed with Parkinson’s (PwP) exhibit a diverse manifestation of heterogeneous symptoms which likely reflect different subtypes. However, there is no widely accepted consensus on the criteria for subtype membership assignment. We explored clustering PwP using a data-driven approach mining speech signals.

Results
We selected 21 dysphonia measures and found four main clusters which provide tentative insights into different dominating speech-associated characteristics (cophenetic coefficient=0.72, silhouette score=0.67). The cluster findings were consistent across the three PVI cohorts, strongly supporting the generalization of the presented methodology towards PwP subtype assignment, and were independently visually verified in 2D projections with t-SNE.

The citation (and the link to access) this open access article are:

Tsanas, T & Arora, S 2022, ‘Data-driven Subtyping of Parkinson’s using Acoustic Analysis of Sustained Vowels and Cluster Analysis: Findings in the Parkinson’s Voice Initiative Study’, SN Computer Science, vol. 3, 232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01123-y

and that’s all I have for today, folks!

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Verbal fluency, DBS, and parkinson’s

How many animals can you name in one minute?

Wait one year, and do the same test. 

How did you do? better or worse? Basically, that’s what this post is about.

Several articles in this post (all free PubMedCentral articles):

  1. Changes in Verbal Fluency in Parkinson’s Disease
  2. Semantic and phonemic verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease: Influence of clinical and demographic variables
  3. The Verbal Fluency Decline After Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Is There an Influence of Age?
  4. Worsening of Verbal Fluency After Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: A Focused Review
  5. Striatal volume is related to phonemic verbal fluency but not to semantic or alternating verbal fluency in early Parkinson’s disease

The first two studies looked at verbal fluency as measured by counting the number of animals one could name during a timed minute. Basically, the further along folks were in the stage of the disease, the lower their verbal fluency, and the lower their quality of life. Analysis indicated that several other factors were involved, such as depression, age, and executive functioning. People with Parkinson’s (PWP) with higher verbal fluency scores had better quality of life and lower caregiver burden, as measured by scores on standardized rating scales such as the PDQ-29 and The Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI)

In the  second pair of articles, The first suggests that age might be accountable for the reported decline in Verbal Fluency (VF) following Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgery, and provides data to support that hypothesis. The second article is a review of the literature, which notes that the effect seems to be moderate, and that studies to find the reason for the observed decline in VF have been inclusive overall.

Based on recent and earlier meta-analyses, there is reliable evidence for a worsening of both phonemic and semantic VF after DBS. This primarily pertains to STN-DBS…  …disease progression does not seem to be able to account for the worsening of VF in DBS patients. Also, DBS-related reductions in dopaminergic medication (mainly in STN-DBS patients) cannot account for the VF decline. …it seems that either surgery or stimulation itself or both together in combination with the electrode positions are driving factors. However, the evidence in this relation is inconclusive and sparse…. …recommendations for future studies on VF include optimizing study designs to include both ON and OFF stimulation as well as baseline measures, calculating reliable change indices (RCI) for neuropsychological results, and acquiring diffusion-weighted MRI on patients for tractography of cortical and subcortical connections to and from STN/GPi

The fifth article reports on brain imaging studies which indicate that the verbal fluency decline is related to different areas of the brain for VF and semantic fluency.

The fact that phonemic fluency, but not semantic or alternating fluency, was associated with caudate gray matter volume at early stage PD suggests that different fluency tasks rely on different neural substrates, and that language networks supporting semantic search and verbal-semantic switching are unrelated to brain gray matter volume at early disease stages in PD.

Since previous research on dance have indicated increased gray matter volume in dancers (somewhere earlier in this blog, search on “dance” to find it); this would suggest that one way to combat the decline in VF is to dance, preferably in classes that are specifically geared towards Parkinson’s symptoms.

At least that’s my take-away from these articles. Your mileage may vary.

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